Dead Language

By Igamberdieva Munojot Karimovna

Dead language – it is a term that is used in linguistics to refer to languages that are not a permanent tool of communication of any now existing people.

The concept of “dead languages” is contrasted, the concept of “living languages” and includes:

1) Languages have disappeared without leaving his continuation of the currently existing languages (eg languages Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Egyptian, Gothic, etc.);

2) Languages, is the ancient form of the now existing languages already dead and changing others (for example, the Anglo-Saxon language in relation to English, the ancient Greek to the modern Greek, and more.).

As with many of the concepts developed historically, the term “dead languages” refers to a sufficiently large set of quite different objects. This includes, and Latin, which is now a significant component of European culture, and languages of Tasmanian Aborigines, whose support was carved by British colonizers. In addition, the dead languages are often called archaic forms of living actively using language. For example, in the popular textbook AA Reformatsky, in the section devoted to genealogical classification of languages, we find in the Greek part of the Indo-European group, which consists of:

1) Modern Greek, and

2) classical Greek, and

3) Middle Greek or Byzantine.

Meanwhile, it is obvious that the modern Greek, ancient Greek and Middle Greek – not three different languages, and three stages of development of one language – Greek.

As rightly pointed Academician Marr, it is from the materials seemingly disappeared dead language to build a new, qualitatively different from their tongues, “New languages and so-called old and ancient cultural languages of the world, not the works in the strict sense of the word… and there were in the process of crossing is joined together from elements or entire words already existing… different languages.”

In terms of its relevance and importance to society of culture in its present state of all the dead languages can be divided between the four groups. The first group includes languages that continue to actively work in the field of books and writing. Such languages are studied in a large number of different kinds of educational institutions, and not primarily philological. These languages are regularly creating new texts and spoken of the living languages they only differ only in that for anyone not native, but absorbed only in the process of formal education. Examples of such languages can lead Latin, Church, Coptic, Sanskrit, geez. With its high cultural significance, such language is usually a strong impact on the living spoken languages of the society in which they operate. Russian literary language has experienced in the course of its historical development, the greatest impact of the Church Slavonic, and Sanskrit and still remains the main source of scientific and cultural terms Hindi – the official language of India.

The second group includes languages, the meaning of which is limited to the sphere of historical and philological studies. Despite the fact that the company has a number of specialists, who know these languages, able to read them and do with them transfers, new texts in these languages are not created. As an example, you can bring the Sumerian, Gothic, Hittite, Orkhon-Yenisey, Urartian, Meroitic and more. For other languages, such as the languages of the previous group, is characterized by the existence of a developed literary tradition of writing in the age of their operation; works created for them, often included in the golden fund of world literature.

The third group consists of dead languages of which we know little more than the fact that they ever existed. Preserved monuments do not allow anything like fully describe the vocabulary and grammar of the language, but can sometimes set the individual words and grammatical forms, to determine the place of language in the genealogical classification. As members of this group can lead geruls, gepids, Vandal, Polabian, Prussian, Slowinski and more. etc.

Finally, the fourth group includes languages, the existence of which in the past we only assume on the basis of indirect evidence. An example of this is the Proto-Euphratean language, traces of which have been preserved in the form of substrate effects in Sumerian. Most clearly they “trace in toponymy and onomastics northern and southern Mesopotamia.

Sometimes Proto-Euphratean language called banana, which is associated with the characteristic structure of some of the language of proper names that resemble English word banana – “banana”, for example, Bunene, Kubaba, Zababa, Bilulu etc.”

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